https://community.secnto.com//tags/topic 2 part cRSS for NodeTue, 09 Jun 2026 00:28:07 GMTInvalid Date602) Socio-religious causes
By rapid spread of Western civilisation in India, a large section of the population was alarmed by it. An act in 1850 changed the Hindu law of inheritance enabling a Hindu who had converted into Charistainity to inherit his ancestral properties. Besides, the missionaries were allowed to make convertions into Charistainity all over India. The people were convinced that the Government was planning to convert Indians into Charistainity.
The abolition of practices like Sati and female infanticide, and the legislation legalizing widow remarriage, were threats to the established social structure. Even the introduction of railways and telegraph was viewed with suspicion.
3) Economic causes
Following are the main economic causes for war of independence;
1) Exploitation of economic exploitation:

• India was forced to export cotton, silk at cheap rate to England.
• forced plantation of Indigo and Tea.
• Indians had to accept ready made British goods.
• Indian’s hand made products couldn’t compete with machine made British goods.
• problem of unemployment increased.
• India had no agricultural surplus which raised prices of raw materials in India.
  2) Drain of wealth:
  After the Battle of Plassey, British stopped bringing gold to Indai. Raw material was bought in England from the surplus revenues of Bengal and started looting India’s raw materials, resources and wealth. The transfer of wealth from India to England is called Drain of wealth.
  3) Decay of cottage industries and Handicrafts:
• heavy duties killed Indian cottage industries and Handicrafts.
• imported British goods worsened thier condition.
• Export of cotton and silk was ceased.
• Art of spinning and weaving was killed, creating severe unemployment.
• Absence of Royal buyers, Princes, Zamindars, etc.
  4) Growing unemploymen:
  Unemployment was continuously increasing.
  **5) Inhuman treatment of Indigo cultivation:
  Forced plantation of Indigo and other crops were destroyed, didn’t follow the orders and cattle were taken away as punishment.
  6) Poverty and famines:
  There were 12 minor famines but British did not bother.
  7 ) Economic decline of peasantry:
  Peasants had to pay high taxes and land revenues.
  8 ) Decline of landed Aristocracy:
  Hereditary landlords and Taluqdars ’ 2000 estates were confiscated(who couldn’t produce evidences of ownership) and auctioned. Merchants and moneylendets bought these estates and exploited tenants.

]]>https://community.secnto.com//topic/1639/what-are-the-causes-of-war-of-independencehttps://community.secnto.com//topic/1639/what-are-the-causes-of-war-of-independenceInvalid DateFeatures of Federation
A Federation is a union of government. It has the following features;
1) Sets of governments:
Federation comprises two sets of governments, federal and federating governments.
2) Division of supreme powers:
The supreme powers are divided on the principle that matters of common interest or of national importance are entrusted to the central government, while local matters and interests are entrusted to the unit governments.
3) Dual government:
Federation envisages a union rather than unity. It creates a dual government and not s Unitary one. The federating units preserve their separate, autonomous, distinct entity and exercise supreme and original authority within their spheres of powers. They are not reduced to non-entity as are the administrative units of a Unitary State. They are no mere agents of the central government, and do not exist on its discretion. They have their own separate and autonomous existence, guaranteed by the constitution,on which also depends the existence of the central government.
4) Sovereignty:
The State which federate into a union lose their former sovereignty because their union creates a new State which now becomes sovereign.
5) Federation is made:
A federation is made, it does not grow.
6) Written constitution:
It has a written constitution so as to prevent any doubt or dispute on the distribution of powers between the federal and federating governments. Neither the federal nor the unit government can amend the constitution with a view to redistributing the supreme powers.
7) Amendment:
The constitution clearly prescribes the process of amending it. The constitution is supreme. Sovereignty lies with the body or bodies which have the power to amend the constitution.
8) Permanent union:
Federation is a permanent union. This feature distinguishes it
a) from a confederation which is a loose and limited union of State, and
b) from alliances of sovereign State such as N.A.T.O or the U.N.O

]]>https://community.secnto.com//topic/1605/what-are-the-features-of-federationhttps://community.secnto.com//topic/1605/what-are-the-features-of-federationInvalid DateFeatures of Federation
A Federation is a union of government. It has the following features;
1) Sets of governments:
Federation comprises two sets of governments, federal and federating governments.
2) Division of supreme powers:
The supreme powers are divided on the principle that matters of common interest or of national importance are entrusted to the central government, while local matters and interests are entrusted to the unit governments.
3) Dual government:
Federation envisages a union rather than unity. It creates a dual government and not s Unitary one. The federating units preserve their separate, autonomous, distinct entity and exercise supreme and original authority within their spheres of powers. They are not reduced to non-entity as are the administrative units of a Unitary State. They are no mere agents of the central government, and do not exist on its discretion. They have their own separate and autonomous existence, guaranteed by the constitution,on which also depends the existence of the central government.
4) Sovereignty:
The State which federate into a union lose their former sovereignty because their union creates a new State which now becomes sovereign.
5) Federation is made:
A federation is made, it does not grow.
6) Written constitution:
It has a written constitution so as to prevent any doubt or dispute on the distribution of powers between the federal and federating governments. Neither the federal nor the unit government can amend the constitution with a view to redistributing the supreme powers.
7) Amendment:
The constitution clearly prescribes the process of amending it. The constitution is supreme. Sovereignty lies with the body or bodies which have the power to amend the constitution.
8) Permanent union:
Federation is a permanent union. This feature distinguishes it
a) from a confederation which is a loose and limited union of State, and
b) from alliances of sovereign State such as N.A.T.O or the U.N.O

]]>https://community.secnto.com//topic/1606/what-are-the-features-of-federationhttps://community.secnto.com//topic/1606/what-are-the-features-of-federationInvalid DateNature of Federation
Federation is a device to harmonize the need for local autonomy with the necessity of preserving the unity of the State. This requires that there should be government for the country as a whole to administer national affairs and other governments to look after the needs and interests of local areas in such a way that both sets of governments are supreme within their own affairs. Hence, the most important characteristic of a federation in the formal distribution of sovereign powers between the Federal government at the centre and governments of the federating units.
"A Federal constitution attempts to reconcile,
the apparently irreconcilable claims of nation sovereignty and state sovereignt."

]]>https://community.secnto.com//topic/1611/what-is-nature-of-federationhttps://community.secnto.com//topic/1611/what-is-nature-of-federationInvalid Date